Table 1 Characteristics of the study population
| Â | HIV-negative | HIV-positive | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | ART-naïve | First-line ART | Second-line ART | |
n = 153 | n = 104 | n = 94 | n = 197 | |
Demographics and socio-economic status | ||||
 Age (years) | 34.6 (10.6) | 33.9 (8.4) | 36.9 (6.4) | 43.0 (8.0) |
 Women, n(%) | 76 (49.7) | 65 (62.5) | 57 (60.6) | 139 (70.6) |
 Highest level of education (n = 542), n(%) | ||||
  Primary school or less | 12 (7.9) | 13 (12.7) | 10 (10.8) | 27 (13.8) |
  Secondary school completed | 74 (48.7) | 51 (50.0) | 51 (54.8) | 96 (49.2) |
  More than secondary school | 66 (43.4) | 38 (37.2) | 32 (34.4) | 72 (37.0) |
 Work status (n = 545), n(%) | ||||
  Employed | 50 (32.9) | 55 (53.4) | 77 (82.8) | 132 (67.0) |
  Unemployed | 102 (76.1) | 48 (46.6) | 16 (17.2) | 65 (33.0) |
 Marital status (n = 545), n(%) | ||||
  Married or in a stable relationship | 31 (20.4) | 15 (14.6) | 36 (38.7) | 75 (38.1) |
  Single | 121 (79.6) | 88 (85.4) | 57 (61.3) | 122 (61.9) |
Cardiovascular risk profile | ||||
 Family history of CVD (n = 547), n(%) | 7 (4.6) | 2 (1.9) | 4 (4.3) | 21 (10.7) |
 Physical activity, MET min/week | 1200 (720–1920) | 1198 (868–1693) | 834 (445–2092) | 984 (480–1688) |
 Current smokers (n = 113), n(%) | 56 (37.1) | 27 (26.2) | 13 (13.8) | 17 (8.6) |
 Packyears for current smokers, (median, IQR) | 3.6 (1.3–7.3) | 3.9 (2.2–6.8) | 2.2 (0.7–3.6) | 7.4 (2.3–12.1) |
 Former smokers (n = 34), n(%) | 6 (4.0) | 7 (6.8) | 7 (7.4) | 14 (7.1) |
 Never smokers (n = 398), n(%) | 89 (58.6) | 69 (67.0) | 74 (78.7) | 166 (84.3) |
 Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) (n = 547) | 123.8 (18.5) | 119.5 (15.1) | 124.2 (17.2) | 121.5 (18.8) |
 Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) (n = 547) | 77.8 (12.8) | 75.2 (8.8) | 81.4 (10.4) | 77.8 (11.5) |
 Body mass index (kg/m2) (median, IQR) | 24.5 (21.2–28.9) | 23.6 (20.9–27.0) | 24.2 (21.3–29.1) | 26.3 (22.9–32.0) |
  < 18.5 kg/m2, n(%) | 9 (5.9) | 7 (6.7) | 3 (3.2) | 4 (2.0) |
  18.5–24.9 kg/m2, n(%) | 74 (48.4) | 57 (54.8) | 49 (52.1) | 76 (38.6) |
  25.0–29.9 kg/m2, n(%) | 36 (23.5) | 25 (24.0) | 20 (21.3) | 50 (25.4) |
  ≥ 30.0 kg/m2, n(%) | 34 (22.2) | 15 (14.4) | 22 (23.4) | 67 (34.0) |
 Waist-to-hip ratio (n = 547) | 0.85 (0.06) | 0.85 (0.06) | 0.85 (0.09) | 0.87 (0.06) |
 Total-C (mmol/L) (n = 522) | 4.1 (0.9) | 3.9 (0.8) | 4.4 (1.1) | 4.8 (0.8) |
 HDL (mmol/L) (n = 522) | 1.4 (0.5) | 1.2 (0.5) | 1.4 (0.4) | 1.4 (0.4) |
 LDL (mmol/L) (n = 522) | 2.2 (0.7) | 2.3 (0.7) | 2.5 (0.9) | 3.1 (0.8) |
 TG (mmol/L), (n = 519), median (IQR) | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 1.0 (0.8–1.5) | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) |
 Total-C:HDL ratio (n = 522) | 3.1 (0.9) | 3.4 (1.0) | 3.4 (1.1) | 3.7 (1.1) |
 Random glucose (mmol/L) (n = 514) | 4.9 (1.0) | 4.5 (0.9) | 5.0 (0.9) | 4.8 (1.6) |
 Creatinine clearance (mL/min) (n = 523) | 119.7 (32.3) | 122.9 (33.9) | 121.9 (33.2) | 120.7 (38.3) |
 Urine protein present (n = 164), n(%) | N/A | 7 (9.1) | 2 (2.3) | N/A |
 Albumin-to-creatinine ratio, (n = 439), median (IQR) | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | 0.9 (0.5–1.9) | 0.7 (0.5–1.5) | 0.9 (0.5–1.8) |
HIV/ART characteristics (n = 395) | ||||
 CD4-cell count (cells/mm3) (n = 350), median (IQR) | – | 281a (192–401) | 414 (279–575) | 619 (430–798) |
 Viral load (cp/mL) (n = 380), n(%) | ||||
  < 50 | – | 12 (11.8) | 81 (91.0) | 180 (95.2) |
  50–1000 | – | 10 (9.8) | 3 (3.4) | 4 (2.1) |
  > 1000 | – | 80 (78.4) | 5 (5.6) | 5 (2.6) |
 Years since diagnosis (n = 393), median (IQR) | – | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 3.9 (3.1–6.0) | 9.0 (7.0–12.4) |
 Time on ART (n = 355), months, median (IQR) | – | 0 (0.0–0.0) | 39 (35–48) | 96 (72–126) |